Identify Driscoll’s reflective model, & the use of reflection in nursing practice. Subheadings may be useful to demonstrate each stage of the framework.

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Title: Positive Professional Values.

Using Driscoll reflective model. a Nurse care of a patient with a leg ulcer or palliative (end of life) patient

Learning outcomes:

  1. Incorporate core values from the NMC Code, NHS Constitution and 6 C’s (care, communication, commitment, courage, competence, compassion).
  2. Consider both legal and ethical issues.

Examples of positive value in practice.

  • Medication delivery involving effective communication, care, commitment and courage.
  • Competent and compassion end of life care.
  • Competent wound dressing changes with effective communication, care and compassion.
  • Gain consent from a patient.
  • Handwashing.
  • Briefly discuss Frances report or Keogh report. (Just one example of bad practice).
  • Discuss confidentiality in healthcare (GDPR, and NMC)
  • Being implemented to provide safe and effective care.

A definition of professionalism

Introduction

This should signpost your reader to the key issues that you will address in the essay. A brief description of the experience, the type of setting and your rationale for the chosen experience. All names of people and places must be anonymised.

A definition of professionalism in nursing must be discussed (Learning Outcome 1).

Discuss and rationalize the importance of reflection in practice and introduce Driscoll’s reflective model.

Main body

  • Identify Driscoll’s reflective model, & the use of reflection in nursing practice. Subheadings may be useful to demonstrate each stage of the framework.
  • Use the reflective model to discuss:

– Implications of the experience in relation to the NMC Code, NHS constitution, & the 6C’s (Learning Outcomes 1 & 3).

– Key concepts of professionalism, advocacy, legal aspects & ethical issues associated with the care provided.

– The evidence which underpins care in this situation (including policies. Procedure, guidelines & research)

– The role of the multidisciplinary team.

  • Identify your own learning and actions to take forward for your future practice.

Conclusion

  • Sum up the themes of discussion
  • Links discussion to learning outcomes 1 & 3 of the module.
  • No new material should be included.

References

  • Present references using the Harvard Referencing system
  • Use a wide range of current information from relevant professional sources to support your work (e.g. journals, books, policies & guidelines).

You Have to incorporate:

  • Aspects of the NMC Code (2018)
  • NHS Constitution (2015)
  • NHS Values (DoH, 2015)
  • The 6Cs (DoH, 2012)
  • Ethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy (Beauchamp and Childress, 2013) to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the professional nature of nursing
  • Legal aspects of your chosen scenario e.g. consent, mental capacity
  • Policy, standards and guidelines that inform practice e.g. NICE, DoH, NMC, RCN, WHO, local policies.

Examples of the situations where professionalism, 6Cs, NHS values and ethical considerations may be witnessed could include (but are not restricted to):

  • Medication delivery involving effective communication, care, commitment and courage.
  • Effective moving and handling during a bed bath.
  • Competent and compassionate end of life care.
  • Competent wound dressing changes with effective communication, care and compassion.

Presentation:

  • A contents page MUST be included.
  • Can be written in the First Person or Passive.
  • Set header & footer to display your SID number & the page number on every page. Use only your SID & not your name to identify your essay.
  • An appropriate font should be used i.e. Times New Roman, Ariel or Comic Sans.
  • Font size should be no less than size 11, utilizes 1.5 or 2 line spacing & align the text consistently.
  • The reference list should appear before any appendices.
  • Upload all work as a single electronic file.

List and summarize (from the textbook) two research designs that you never heard of prior to this course.

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Identify the research design in the study that you will replicate by designing your proposal.
Non experimental study.

Summarize the definition of that design from the textbook.
In Non experimental/ Observational studies the researchers do not manipulate the variable. Some observational studies start with a presumed cause and then go forward to a presumed effect. The text uses an example of lung cancer studies and groups subjects into non-smokers and smokers. (Polit & Beck, 2014, p. 159).

List two threats to internal validity from any of the research reports that you are using for your proposal.
Selection threat: Due to the fact that nurses in different departments, positions and shifts might be effected differently by situations that lead to burnout.
History threat: We are looking at the causes of nurse burnout at the work place, other factors could be contributing to burnout such as family, social and/or financial stress that are unknown to the researcher.

List and summarize (from the textbook) two research designs that you never heard of prior to this course. A. Quasi-Experimental Design: The designs lack randomization which is the signature of a true experiment. For example they might separate groups by last name or seating assignment. (Polit & Beck, 2014). B. Cross-Sectional Design: These are done over a specific period of time which can range from minutes to years depending on the study. (Polit & Beck, 2014).
Describe how you might use those designs in a future study that you conduct.
The Quasi-Experimental control group research can be a quicker and less expensive study especially in an epidemiology emergency like the Coronavirus that has recently originated in China.
The Cross-sectional design would be helpful in a study that dealt with patients with lung disease and a history of vaping.
References:

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2014). Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

Identify a vulnerable individual or group from your field of nursing / midwifery and analyse the factors which can contribute to this person or group being viewed as vulnerable.

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Assessment Tasks

A 2000-word essay which focuses on an individual or group who are seen as being.

Vulnerable of mental disordered lone parents, analyse the factors which contribute to this and discuss the multi professional and /or multi agency interventions to help reduce these factors including the expected outcomes of such interventions.

Assessment Details

  1. Identify a vulnerable individual or group from your field of nursing / midwifery and analyse

the factors which can contribute to this person or group being viewed as vulnerable.

  1. Discuss the multi professional and / or multi agency interventions which can be implemented to try to reduce the identified vulnerability factors.
  1. Discuss the expected outcomes of these multi-professional and / or multi agency interventions.

Description of the assignment;

  • A 2000-word essay which focuses on an individual or group who are seen as being vulnerable of mental disordered lone parents, analyse the factors which contribute to this and discuss the multi

professional and /or multi agency interventions to help reduce these factors including the expected outcomes of such interventions.

Key components of the essay;

  • Identify a vulnerable individual or group from your field of mental nursing / midwifery and analyse the factors which can contribute to this person or group being viewed as vulnerable.
  • Discuss the multi professional and / or multi agency interventions which can be implemented to try to reduce the identified vulnerability factors.
  • Discuss the expected outcomes of these multiprofessional and / or multi agency interventions
  • All 3 components must be addressed within your work.
  • You only need to analyse 3-8 vulnerabilities for this part.

of your work

Definitions within essay;

  • If you are wish to provide a definition of ‘an adult at risk’ (vulnerable adult), with regards to safeguarding please ensure you used the definition taken from the Care & Statutory Guidance (updated 2018:
  • Do not use the definition from the No Secrets Doc (Dh 2000) which is also used in Dh 2011: this definition has been superseded with the one above.
  • You may want to provide for example a definition of your identified vulnerable group / individual.

Second component;

  • Discuss the multi professional and / or multi agency interventions which can be implemented to try to reduce the identified vulnerability factors.
  • Discuss the possible interventions that would be required to meet the vulnerable individual or groups needs.
  • Link these interventions with your identified vulnerabilities so we can see how these interventions can help clearly discussing which professionals and agencies would be involved.
  • Only need to discuss -3 different interventions.

Third component

  • Discuss the expected outcomes of these multiprofessional and / or multi agency interventions
  • For this part of your work you need to discuss the expected outcomes

of the interventions you have just discussed

  • Conclude your essay bringing together all the main points of your discussion: Do not introduce any new ideas.
  • Underpin your work with relevant references.

Do not write in the first person for this essay and do not write this as a case study.

 

Explore the role of advancement in information technology and its effect in patient care. Does more technology use improve time with patients? Use at least two sources to support your response.

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You are caring for five patients on a busy, 28-bed neurological medical-surgical unit, which recently transitioned to all electronic documentation and healthcare computerized provider order entry (CPOE). There is no longer any bedside paperwork.

All of your staff members have completed the required training and you have been assigned as expert lead for any questions that may arise during your shift. The expectation is that all nurses and clinical staff will document all care delivery in the bedside computers located in each patient’s room or via the workstation on wheels (WOW).

However, you have noticed a trend with experienced nurses spending extra time at the end of their shifts (30 or more minutes) documenting the nursing care provided during the shift. The expectation is that they should be documenting care delivery as soon as it is complete rather than at the end of their shifts.

Answer the following questions based on the information provided:
Explain how you would address the concern with the delay in nursing documentation with your team.
Do you see the transition to all electronic documentation as having a positive or negative effect on patient-centered care? Support your answer with evidence from the literature.
Explore the role of advancement in information technology and its effect in patient care. Does more technology use improve time with patients? Use at least two sources to support your response.

Critically evaluate literature on the role of leadership and management in healthcare practice in one of the three identified areas.

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BSc (Hons) Nursing / Registered Nurse

Leading and Managing in Professional Practice
Assessment Title: Essay
Assessment Details
You will submit a 3000-word essay in which you will:
1. Critically evaluate literature on the role of leadership and management in healthcare practice in one of the three identified areas.
2. Reflect on your formative group experiences and the implications for your future role as a registered practitioner.
Choose from one of the following three topics:
• Personal and professional development of self and others.
• Resource Management, compassionate care and ethical practice.
• Working in partnership with users, carers and families.

Marking Criteria;

Marking Criteria: in this piece of work you will be expected to: Proportion of marks
Identify, with rationale, the chosen topic and discuss its relevance to contemporary health care practice.
You will:
• Indicate which of the three topics is the focus of your work giving a rationale for your choice.
• Give an introduction to the topic and discuss its importance to current health care practice 15%
In relation to your chosen topic, critically evaluate the key issues in the literature with regard to leadership and management, using examples from practice to illustrate its application.
You will:
• Critically evaluate theoretical principles related to leadership and management using examples/ experiences from clinical practice to support your arguments.
• Support your work with relevant literature and peer reviewed sources 45%
Reflect on your learning with regards to the importance of team working and group processes, using examples from formative group work undertaken during the course of module delivery to illustrate these principles.
You will:
• Draw upon examples/ experiences from formative group activities to support your argument.
• Reflect on your learning in relation to key principles of team working and group processes.
• Consider why team working is important to health care.
• Support your work with relevant literature and peer reviewed sources 15%
Reflect on how your learning from this module will influence and inform your future practice as a registered practitioner.
You will;
• Reflect on how you can apply your learning to your future practice, including examples of inter-professional working 15%
Demonstrate logical and coherent development in your work. It must be clearly presented
You will:
• Structure your essay in a logical manner including an introduction and summary or conclusion.
• Demonstrate a coherent line of discussion 5%

Use an accurate and recognized referencing system.
You will:
• Use Harvard referencing.
• Include an accurate and complete reference list.

Discuss author(s) qualifications to conduct the study, including educational preparation and clinical experience of author[s].

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Critique #1 Answer Sheet:

Authors, Title, and Abstract

  1. Discuss author(s) qualifications to conduct the study, including educational preparation and clinical experience of author[s].

The authors were qualified to conduct the study since they were affiliated with the American Heart Association. James Langabeer and Tiffany Champagne-Langabeer had doctorate degrees while Carlos Perez Aldana had a Master’s degree. The three writers mentioned above worked professionally at the School of Biomedical Informatics at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston. Timothy D. Henry worked at the Division of Cardiology at Cedar-Sinai Smidt Heart Institute. In contrast, Larissa DeLuna and Nora Silva worked at the SouthWest Affiliate of the American Heart Association (Langabeer et al.). Therefore, all authors were sufficiently qualified to conduct the study.

  1. Discuss the clarity of the article title (type of study, variables, and population stated).

The article has a clear title that identifies the purpose of research, the intervention, and the population of interest. Hence, readers can know that the authors seek to examine the effects of adopting a community population health initiative to regulate hypertension in Hispanics.

  1. Discuss the quality of the abstract (purpose, design, sample, intervention, and key results presented).

The abstract is brief and accurate since it provides an overview of the sections covered in the paper. The background provides the purpose of the paper while the methods and results section summarizes the procedure used while conducting the study. The design, sample, intervention, and key results are outlined in the abstract too.

Literature Review/Background

  1. Briefly describe the clinical problem that prompted the study. This is not the research question, but the clinical issue that needed investigation.

The clinical problem that prompted the study involves the classification of hypertension as a major contributor to cardiovascular disease in the US. Moreover, the researchers mentioned that cardiovascular health had ethnic and racial variations. The Latino community had historical issues with hypertension (Liao et al. 11)

  1. Discuss the data provided for the significance of the clinical problem,and whether or not you believe it is an important problem for nursing science.

The study showed how the prevalence rates for hypertension affected 115 million adults or 46% of the country’s population (Langabeer et al.). The American Heart Association (AHA) committed to reducing the deaths due to stroke and cardiovascular disease by 20% in 2020.

  1. Identify the major topics discussed in the background section and evaluate whether there were any missing ideas or topics.

The major topics discussed in the background section include hypertension, cardiovascular health, and community-based programs. All relevant ideas were duly covered in the discussion.

  1. Briefly explain whether the background section included sources current at the time of the study (ie. within 5 years of publication).

The background section included current sources published within the last five years.

  1. Discuss whether the studies were critically evaluated and synthesized to provide a clear summary of the current knowledge about the problem of interest.

The studies mentioned in the background section were critically synthesized and evaluated to provide a comprehensive summary of current knowledge about the problem.

  1. Evaluate whether or not the background section provided support for the current research study. In other words, whether a gap(s) in research knowledge was/were clearly described.

The background section provided sufficient support for the current research study through verifiable facts and statistics. A gap in research knowledge was described in the form of contradictory findings related to lifestyle interventions and the efficacy of home-based BP monitoring (HBPM) (Langabeer et al.).

Research Problem, Purpose, Research Questions/Hypotheses

  1. State the study purpose and evaluate whether or not the purpose clearly addresses the gap in nursing knowledge identified in the background section.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects associated with establishing a community-based HBPM intervention mainly directed to a Hispanic population. The purpose clearly shows that a gap in knowledge exists as to the efficacy of community-based initiatives for Latinos.

  1. If there are research questions and/or hypotheses, list them, and discuss whether they logically follow from the research problem and purpose. If questions/hypotheses were only implied, rather than explicitly stated, describe that.

The questions and hypotheses were implied rather than explicitly stated. In harmony with previous studies, the researchers questioned the lifestyle interventions that could be used to address cardiovascular disease (Gray et al. 55). Furthermore, the study questioned whether HBPM was effective for patients from specific populations (Langabeer et al.). The researchers hypothesized that the AHA-sponsored community health intervention would change the behaviors of Texas-based Latinos.

Theoretical Framework

  1. Describe the theory/framework that supported the study, and list the important concepts in the theory framework.

The framework used to support the study involved the HBPM and its application in the diagnosis and self-management of hypertension. Significant concepts in the framework included the self-management and self-engagement of patients. Consequently, the researchers hoped that the HBPM framework would help patients to enjoy improved social, emotional, and physical health outcomes.

  1. Evaluate the clarity of the presentation of the framework. If it was vague or had missing elements, describe those.

The framework was quite clear since all essential concepts were discussed.

  1. Discuss how well the theory’s concepts were linked to the study variables.

The theory’s concepts were linked to the study variables since improvements in behavior would prove the theory’s efficacy.

Works Cited

Gray, J. R., Grove, S. K., & Sutherland, S. (2016). Burns and Grove’s The Practice of Nursing Research-E-Book: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Langabeer, J. R., Henry, T. D., Perez Aldana, C., DeLuna, L., Silva, N., & Champagne‐Langabeer, T. (2018). Effects of a community population health initiative on blood pressure control in Latinos. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(21), e010282.

Liao, Y., Siegel, P. Z., White, S., Dulin, R., & Taylor, A. (2016). Improving actions to control high blood pressure in Hispanic communities—racial and ethnic approaches to community health across the US project, 2009–2012. Preventive medicine, 83, 11-15.

Critically discuss psychosocial elements that impact upon the person living with the long term condition.

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The word count for the assignment is 2500 words, below is a very rough idea of how to allocate these words and is intended to be a guide only.

An essay to explore a long term condition that will need to consider the physical and psychosocial impacts on the individual and then by focusing on one impact, discuss how shared decision making contributes to their quality of life (2500 words)

Introduce your work: sign-posting content and demonstrating appropriate structure and flow of discussion.(150-200 words)

Criteria 1: Select a long-term condition and consider the impact that this has on the individual’s physical body. (350 words)

  • You may select a long term condition that has been covered within the module or one that you have experienced within your clinical practice
  • Ensure that you have researched the physiology and aetiology of the condition
  • Ensure you discuss the physical impact the LTC has on the body
  • Include some relevant statistics and you could include some global epidemiology . (350 words)

INTRODUCTION

This essay will illustrate a long-term condition and the impact has on the individual’s physical body, hypertension. Moreover, the essay will focus on the physiology and aetiology of the condition. In particular, it will discuss the physical impact the LTC has on the body together with some relevant statistics some global epidemiology. Hypertension is the leading risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular disease. Bakris and Ragavendra ( 2012) state that over 90% of persons with normotensive blood pressure are at risk of stroke, heart disease or any other cardiovascular disease.

The physiology and aetiology of the condition

The physiology and aetiology of the condition are reflected on the health belief of the client group is based upon the social class as not every individual could afford the same medical treatment. For instance, a person from a high social class is more likely to develop cardiovascular disease and be more prone to diabetes than an individual from a lower class, as life becomes more comfortable, more sedentary, and less physical activity (Roth and Stamatakis, 2010).

Relevant statistics

Evidence shows that for a person from the lower class although the life itis hard to manage because of the lower-income, can not afford to be sedentary as in his day to day activity of living has been incorporating walking return to work, shopping, pick up the children from school, family maintenance (Roper et.al , 2003)

Gault (2016) explains and firmly demonstrates that self-critical thinking is displayed when people struggle to care for themselves or engage in unhelpful or self-defeating health behaviours, such as smoking, drinking habitually or stress-related eating.

Criteria 2: Consider at least two psychosocial issues that can affect the individual living with the chosen long-term condition. Discuss each one using contemporary literature and research. (600 words)

  • These may include anxiety, depression, stigma, isolation, emotional stress, employment issues, self image, fatigue/insomnia, self-harm behaviour eg alcohol abuse. You may also explore guilt and blame
  • Consider how the above affect quality of life, self-care, concordance
  • Support your discussion with literature, research papers
  • (600 words)

Although are many psychosocial issues that can affect the individual living with long-term condition hypertension, that can affect the quality of life, self-care and concordance. The most common significant are  depression and fatigue/insomnia. Carrier (2016) states that TO BE PARAPRASE one of the ….

Criteria 3: With reference to the chosen long-term condition and recognised physical and psychosocial issues associated; identify and discuss how nurses make decisions. You should consider evidence based decision making along with the values of shared decision making (800 words)

  • Consider the key areas where decisions are made by nurses with the patient about their care. (two or three areas)
  • This will vary considerably depending on which LTC you have selected.
  • These decisions should be supported by evidence from the literature you have read.
  • These might include; decisions regarding nursing treatment, medications, place of care, referrals, care planning, sign posting, accessing voluntary sector organizations
  • Ensure you consider factors influencing decision making such as; nurses knowledge, local and national guidelines and policy, availability of resources, location of treatment, patient’s level of understanding and capacity, the MDT and family support (800 words)

Criteria 4:  Consider the self-management model and critically discuss how the concepts of self-management can enable and improve quality of life for the individual. (300 words)

  • Explore what the literature states around self-management models.
  • Present views that both support and criticize their effectiveness.
  • Discuss how patient empowerment can improve quality of life but also consider the barriers to self-management (culture, age, literacy levels, language) . (300 words)

Criteria 5: Analyze and relate relevant evidence based practice to the chosen long-term condition. Consider what aspects of evidence based practice are pertinent to delivering nursing care to the individual with the chosen long term condition and provide a conclusion for the essay. (this will be achieved throughout – allow 200 words approx. for a conclusion)

  • This will be achieved throughout, higher grades will be achieved by using current and relevant literature from a range of resources.
  • Provide a succinct conclusion (paragraph) that summarizes key points. No new information should appear here.

(allow 200 words approx. for a conclusion)

Learning Outcomes Assessment

  1. Identify and discuss the impact that the disease has on the persons’ physical body.
  2. Critically discuss psychosocial elements that impact upon the person living with the long term condition.

3.Identify and analyze how the adult nurses’ role is enhanced through the concept of shared decision making.

4.Analyze and apply the concept of self-management for enabling quality of life in long term conditions.

How do you think these models could be used by nurse leaders to improve the transition experience?

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The assignment title:

Critically discuss the role of the nurse in leading a team, managing change and maintaining quality of care drawing upon your practice experience.

You need to include;

  • Critical consideration of professional transition, leadership and change management.
  • Demonstrate how leadership and team working abilities enhance patient care.
  • Critically consider issues of quality relevant to nursing care delivery.
  • Discuss how nursing care delivery is informed by research and evidence.
  • Reflection upon your own transition to autonomous nursing practice.
  1. What does the assignment title mean?
  2. Break it down into smaller elements:

What is the role of the nurse in leading a team?

Consider leadership styles, essential skills of a good leader, draw on examples of good leadership/poor leadership you may have experienced in practice.

Consider what effective team work is, what skills are needed, team culture. Draw on any examples of good/poor teamwork or team cultures you may have experienced.

Consider the impact on patient care of leadership and team working.

What is the role of the nurse in managing change?

Consider why the nurse has to manage change, how can change be managed effectively – consider change models, the human impact of, and response to change and how this can be managed. Draw on any experiences of change in your practice experience.

What is the role of the nurse in maintaining quality of care?

Think about the individual nurse and accountability

Consider what quality care is, how do we know it has taken place and how is it measured. What systems, processes govern quality of care – clinical governance, research evidence and dissemination.

You are additionally asked to consider professional role transition and reflect on your own transition to autonomous practice

Explore role transition theories and apply them to your movement from student to staff nurse.

How will you use this knowledge to prepare you for being a registered nurse and to manage your transition?

How do you think these models could be used by nurse leaders to improve the transition experience?

Critical discussion

With all of these elements you need to take a critical approach. Do not just describe the various theories and models you refer to, be critical about them. Maybe some models aren’t applicable to healthcare for example, or you may find critiques of the models in the literature.

Apply the models and theories to you practice experience. You might consider how they could have been useful in situations you have observed or it may be that you now realize that a particular leadership approach was being used for example. Was this appropriate, inappropriate?

Remember, when you consider opposing views, draw some conclusion from them.

Also, be critical about the literature you use.

General academic writing:

You assignment should start with an introductory paragraph which sets out the aims of the essay. What is this assignment going to discuss, what is its purpose?

Structure your work in paragraphs which have a clear focus. The first sentence of a paragraph should be a statement of a key point which is then discussed and evidenced during the paragraph. Then move on to the next key point in a new paragraph.

Ensure there is a logical flow in the order of your key points so it leads the reader through the discussion towards some conclusions.

Complete your essay with a concluding paragraph which shows what you have demonstrated in your essay. Do not just list your key points. Summarize and draw some conclusions from your discussion.

Explain the various strategies used to promote qualitative research validity, trustworthiness, and rigor.

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Write responses to each of the 5 questions listed below:
1. Give one example each of issues/problems that could be answered using a qualitative research
design in the following areas:
A. nursing practice
B. nursing education
C. nursing leadership
2. What topics are better suited for phenomenological or grounded theory or ethnography? Provide rationale and examples.
3. Provide one topic that could be researched using each of the following qualitative research designs: phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnography. Discuss how that one topic could be researched using each of the three stated qualitative research designs.
4. Explain the various strategies used to promote qualitative research validity, trustworthiness, and rigor.
5. Select one of the strategies used to promote qualitative research validity that you explained in question #4 and compare it to a specific quantitative strategy addressing similar issues of validity, trustworthiness, and rigor.

Identify ways in which you might facilitate trust in your group. How would you know that trust has been established among your group members?

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Consider the following questions as you draft Sessions 1 and 2 for your new psychotherapeutic group focusing on Stage 2, the Initial Stage (see Assignment 10.1: Group Manual).
1-As a group leader, how would you lead the initial stage of your group?
2-Identify ways in which you might facilitate trust in your group. How would you know that trust has been established among your group members?
3-Identify one role you have as group leader during this phase of group development. How would you approach and implement this role?
4-Draft a tool for your group members to complete at the beginning and at the end of your group to evaluate the effectiveness of the group experience. You must develop this tool yourself. Note that you will have to create two tools for the final manual; the second will be submitted with Assignment 7.1: Final Stage. Include a description of the tool and how you will present it in one of the sessions in this paper, with the tool itself as an appendix.
Write a double-spaced paper with a minimum of three references (two of which are scholarly), in APA format. In this and the subsequent papers, each session should be described separately.
I upload the previous paper .